Ability of Lifeguards to Detect Submerged Manikins in Public Swimming Pool Environments

To prevent drownings in public swimming pools (PSP), French legislation requires constant surveillance by state-certified lifeguards. While previous research showed that surveillance was not always effective, this article focuses on efficiency of surveillance when it is effective. We evaluated the ability of 4 volunteer professional lifeguards to detect a submerged manikin under controlled conditions. One hundred and eight (108) tests were carried out in 2 PSP. Four variables were controlled (i.e., distance, depth, surveillance station, attendance). Our results showed that rapid drowning detection was not exclusively linked to the individual detection capabilities of a lifeguard, but rather it emerged from a tight coupling between the lifeguard’s perception and his/her working environment. The tests performed in this study are useful to prevent drownings and therefore should be reproduced in other public swimming pools (i) to identify problematic situations and (ii) to train lifeguards’ surveillance capabilities

Recurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed

International audienceAgricultural occupations associated with animal breeding and the processing of animal materials in confinement systems could potentially lead to bioaerosol exposures. Moulds and mycotoxins could be constituents of bioaerosols and should be studied because of their possible involvement in respiratory diseases and cancers. In order to characterize the fungal contamination of the indoor air in a dairy barn, bioaerosols were collected during 20 days in a cattle farm located in Normandy (France). Mycobiota, mycotoxins and the mutagenicity of bioaerosols were studied. The toxigenic ability of Aspergillus flavus group and Aspergillus fumigatus isolates was also evaluated in vitro. The prevalent airborne moulds were from the following potentially toxigenic species: Aspergillus flavus group, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Stachybotrys chartarum, and the allergenic species Ulocladium chartarum, Cladosporium cladosporioides. In comparison with harvesting, grain handling or broiler breeding, the concentrations of viable moulds were lower in the cattle shed. Seasonal variations in levels of several species were also observed. This study revealed that aflatoxins were detected in bioaerosols and, for the first time, showed that farmers are possibly exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum during routine barn work. Moreover, the finding of mutagenicity from bioaerosols needs further investigations on bioaerosol composition

The effectiveness of UEFA Financial Fair-Play: Evidence from England and France, 2008-2018

Purpose – This paper analyses the effectiveness of UEFA’s Financial Fair-Play (FFP) under the break-even requirement. Design/methodology/approach – Data was collected from English and French football clubs competing in the English Premier League (EPL) and in Ligue 1 (L1) for the financial years 2008-2018. Our sample includes 395 club-year observations. Relevant statistical tests have been conducted with the aim of analyzing the effects of pre (2008-2012) and post (2012-2018) FFP enforcement under both profitability and cost efficiency assumptions. Findings – In the EPL, an increase is observed in clubs’ profitability through both operating and break-even results. In L1, this improvement is only significant for break-even results of clubs not participating regularly in European competitions (non Euro-oriented clubs). Player expenditures, measured through two wage-to-revenue ratios excluding trading activity for one and including it for the other, have significantly decreased in the EPL except for the Eurooriented clubs for this latter. Conversely, in L1, this decrease is only significant in both wageto-revenue ratios for non Euro-oriented clubs and for the whole sample when trading is included. Originality/value – This article provides further contribution to empirical studies on FFP effectiveness that have often been focused on a single country. Practical implications – In addition to evidencing contrasting results in FFP effectiveness across countries, our results suggest it is not the sole cause of such an improvement in clubs’ finances. We suggest that UEFA should pursue its efforts to scrutinize the level of clubs’ player expenditures and that there is a need for a wider look at the FFP regulations questioning whether they are fit for purpose in their current format

Parenthood in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma: an EORTC-GELA general population case-control study.

Contains fulltext : 108966.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)PURPOSE: We investigated the impact of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) on parenthood, including factors influencing parenthood probability, by comparing long-term HL survivors with matched general population controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Life Situation Questionnaire was sent to 3,604 survivors treated from 1964 to 2004 in successive clinical trials. Responders were matched with controls (1:3 or 4) for sex, country, education, and year of birth (10-year groups). Controls were given an artificial date of start of treatment equal to that of their matched case. The main end point was presence of biologic children after treatment, which was evaluated by using conditional logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors influencing spontaneous post-treatment parenthood. RESULTS: In all, 1,654 French and Dutch survivors were matched with 6,414 controls. Median follow-up was 14 years (range, 5 to 44 years). After treatment, the odds ratio (OR) for having children was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.87; P < .001) for survivors compared with controls. Of 898 survivors who were childless before treatment, 46.7% achieved post-treatment parenthood compared with 49.3% of 3,196 childless controls (OR, 0.87; P = .08). Among 756 survivors with children before treatment, 12.4% became parents after HL treatment compared with 22.2% of 3,218 controls with children before treatment (OR, 0.49; P < .001). Treatment with alkylating agents, second-line therapy, and age older than 35 years at treatment appeared to reduce the chances of spontaneous post-treatment parenthood. CONCLUSION: Survivors of HL had slightly but significantly fewer children after treatment than matched general population controls. The difference concerned only survivors who had children before treatment and appears to have more personal than biologic reasons. The chance of successful post-treatment parenthood was 76%

Exposure to Pesticides in Open-field Farming in France

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Modèles semi-markoviens et données de survie

Nous nous intéressons à la modélisation de la durée de survie de patients sous certaines conditions en même temps que de la qualité de vie, c'est à dire à évaluer l'impact sur la durée de survie et la qualité de vie de facteurs endogènes tels que les traits génétiques et les dosages biologiques et de facteurs exogènes comme le traitement médical et l'environnement. Il s'agit de tester la présence de tels effets et, dans le cas où elle a été détectée, d'évaluer leur importance. Cette modélisation doit permettre une inférence statistique même dans le cas où il y a des censures à droite. A cet effet, nous avons développe des modèles fondés sur les processus semi-markoviens. Il s'agit de modèles multi-états, qui donnent une représentation réaliste du processus vital d'un malade en cours de traitement. Celui-ci passe par divers états et y séjourne pendant des durées qui peuvent dépendre de différents facteurs. Ils permettent de se libérer de l'hypothèse trop restictive des processus de Markov. Ces modèles peuvent être appliqués à d'autres situations que celle de la survie et de la qualité de vie comme la fiabilité ou la démographie. Un modèle semi-paramétrique à temps discret a été développé. Il est fondé sur le modèle de Cox. Deux modèles en temps continu ont été étudiés. Le premier, fondé sur les risques compétitifs est plus restrictif que le second qui autorise une liaison entre les durées vers les différents issues à partir d'un état donné, sans toutefois l'imposer. Ces modèles sont appliqués à l'étude du SIDA et à la qualité de vie dans un essai thérapeutique en cancérologie.Models for survival data including a categorized quality of life index is proposed. The model is intended to take into account the effect of endogenous and exogenous factors both on the duration of survival and the quality of life. Endogenous factors are for example biological measurements or genetical specifications, while exogenous ones are environmental factors. The proposed models are semi-parametric and based on semi-markov processes. Time may be continuous or discrete depending on the type of the data. The general framework of all preexisting models is sketched. Estimators are derived, as well as their asymptotic properties, and algorithms and programs are given to compute them explicitly. They are exemplified on real data on AIDS and cancer patients, and on simulations. Those models are presented in a biomedical context but can be useful in any field where durations together with multistate processes are involved.PARIS5-BU Saints-Pères (751062109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prise en charge sociale et psychologique

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CSR communication in the outdoor sports industry: a content analysis of CSR disclosures by seven international corporate brands

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Méthodologie et utilisation du design de phase II « Case & Morgan » adapté aux données de survie en oncologie

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Assessment of nutritional status and quality of life in patients treated for head and neck cancer

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